In “Acres of Diamonds,” the connection between the fictional
Dr. Valentin Narcisse (Jeffrey Wright) and the real-life Marcus Garvey became
even more explicit as “Boardwalk Empire” depicts the emergence of the “New
Negro” of the 1920s. Expressing a
philosophy similar to Garvey, Narcisse is clearly a member of his organization,
the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), whose membership peaked
during the first half of the decade.
Before World War I, African Americans remained divided
between two approaches to the problem of racism in the United States. In 1895, facing the rising tide of
segregation and disenfranchisement in the post-Reconstruction South, Booker T.
Washington spoke of accommodation to these new conditions in a speech at the
Atlanta Exposition. Espousing what
became known as the “Atlanta Compromise,” Washington accepted the loss of
African American political rights and suggested that blacks focus on economic
development through vocational training.
After this speech, Booker T. became the leading the figure in black
America until his death in 1915, as money from Northern philanthropists flowed
through his schools and institutions.
Not everyone shared Washington’s views. Led by W.E. B. Du Bois, some African
Americans believed that you could not achieve economic progress without political
rights and that they should not abandon the quest for legal equality. Du Bois advocated for blacks to attain higher
education and to fight Jim Crow through the courts. Along with an interracial group of blacks and
whites, he formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP) in 1909.
As American involvement World War I began in 1917, some
questioned whether African Americans should fight in President Woodrow Wilson’s
war “to make the world safe for
democracy” when they did not have equal rights at home. Du Bois urged blacks to serve, saying that
participation would give blacks a greater claim on rights once the U.S.
defeated the Central Powers. Indeed,
thousands of blacks served in segregated units during the year-and-a-half the
U.S. fought in the conflict.
Upon returning to the United States following the November
1918 armistice, blacks faced a new wave of attacks. Fearful that black veterans would seek
equality after their service abroad, white Southerners engaged in a violent campaign
to maintain the status quo as 76 blacks were lynched in 1919. That same year, a major race riot broke out
in Chicago after a black boy drowned because angry whites had pelted him with
bricks when he drifted to the white section of the beach.
Feeling that the promises of the war had been broken, a more
militant black community emerged in its aftermath. Dr. Narcisse’s mentions the “New Negro” as he
talks to a group in Harlem early in the episode, a term which reflected more
activist mood of African Americans during the 1920s. Emerging in Northern cities whose black
population had been augmented by the African American migration during the war
and throughout the following decade, the “New Negro” philosophy merged Washington’s
and Du Bois’s views.
Prominently featured on Narcisse’s wall is a poster for
Garvey’s UNIA, which represented the most dramatic manifestation of the “New
Negro.” While the fictional Narcisse
arrived from Trinidad, Garvey came to Harlem from Jamaica and began to espouse
a form of black nationalism and black separatism that appealed to many working-class
blacks in the North. He preached black
self-help, started a shipping company called the Black Star Line, and urged
African Americans to return to Africa.
Garvey, however, faced serious difficulties. His authoritarian leadership of UNIA
alienated allies, as did his meeting the leaders of the Ku Klux Klan. Having caught the attention of the young J.
Edgar Hoover, the federal government aggressively pursued Garvey for mail fraud. After his conviction, he served two years in
prison and was then pardoned by President Coolidge in 1927 and deported. Does Narcisse face a similar fate?